pico-8 cartridge // http://www.pico-8.com
version 42
__lua__
-- vacuum gambit
-- by kistaro windrider

game = 1
win = 2
lose = 3

function usplit(str)
 return unpack(split(str))
end
function csv(s)
 local ret=split(s,"\n")
 for i,v in ipairs(ret) do
  ret[i] = type(v) == "string" and split(v) or {v}
 end
 return ret
end
function const_fxn(x)
 return function()
  return x
 end
end

-- generate standard "overlay"
-- constructor for type tt.
-- if tt.init is defined, generated
-- new calls tt.init(ret) after
-- ret is definitely not nil,
-- before calling setmetatable.
-- use to initialize mutables.
--
-- if there was a previous new,
-- it is invoked on the new
-- object *after* more, because
-- this works better with the
-- `more` impls i use.
function mknew(tt)
 local mt,oldnew,more = {__index=tt},tt.new,rawget(tt, "init")
 tt.new=function(ret)
  if(not ret) ret = {}
  if(more) more(ret)
  if(oldnew) oldnew(ret)
  setmetatable(ret, mt)
  return ret
 end
 return tt
end

-- intrusive singly-linked list.
-- cannot be nested!
linked_list = mknew{
 is_linked_list=true,
 init = function(x)
  x.next=nil
  x.tail=x
 end,
}

function linked_list:push_back(x)
 self.tail.next = x
 self.tail = x
end

function linked_list:push_front(x)
 if (not self.next) self.tail = x
 x.next = self.next
 self.next = x
end

-- vore eats another linked list
-- by appending its contents.
-- the ingested linked is empty.
function linked_list:vore(x)
 if (not x.next) return
 self.tail.next = x.next
 self.tail = x.tail
 x.next = nil
 x.tail = x
end

-- strip calls f(x) for each
-- node, removing each node for
-- which f(x) returns true. it
-- returns the new tail; nil
-- if the list is now empty.
function linked_list:strip(f)
 local p, n = self, self.next
 while n do
  if f(n) then
   p.next = n.next
  else
   p = n
  end
  n = n.next
 end
 self.tail = p
 return p
end

-- optimized special case -
-- could be done with strip but
-- this avoids extra function
-- calls and comparisions since
-- draw isn't allowed to kill
-- the item
function linked_list:draw()
 local n = self.next
 while n do
  n:draw()
  n = n.next
 end
end


function linked_list:pop_front()
 local ret = self.next
 if (not ret) return
 self.next = ret.next
 if (not ret.next) ret.tail = nil
 return ret
end

function _init()
 init_blip_pals()
	wipe_level()
	primary_ship.main_gun = zap_gun_p.new()  -- redundant?
	load_level(example_level_csv)
	state = game
	pal(2,129)
	pal()
end

function once_next_frame(f)
 new_events:push_back{
  move = function()
   f()
   return true
  end,
 }
end

-- health gradients for 1..5 hp
-- exactly, then all "more".
hpcols_lut = csv[[36
34, 136
34, 130, 136
34, 34, 130, 136
34, 34, 130, 130, 136]]

-- call after any change to maxhp
-- configures health gradient
function init_hpcols()
 hpcols = hpcols_lut[min(primary_ship.maxhp,6)]
end

function wipe_level()
 primary_ship = player.new()
 init_hpcols()
 pships = linked_list.new()
 pships:push_back(primary_ship)
 eships = linked_list.new()
 pbullets = linked_list.new()
 ebullets = linked_list.new()
 intangibles_fg = linked_list.new()
 intangibles_bg = linked_list.new()
 events = linked_list.new()
 new_events = linked_list.new()
end

function _update60()
 updategame()
end

function call_f(x)
 return x:f()
end

function call_move(x)
 return x:move()
end

function updategame()
 leveldone = level_frame()
 events:vore(new_events)
 events:strip(call_move)
 for _, lst in ipairs{intangibles_bg, pships, eships, pbullets, ebullets} do
  lst:strip(call_move)
 end

 pships:strip(
  function(ps)
   local pbox, pded = hurtbox(ps), false
   eships:strip(
    function(es)
     if (not collides(pbox, hurtbox(es))) return
     pded = pded or ps:hitship(es)
     return es:hitship(ps)
    end
   )
   return pded
  end
 )
 pships:strip(
  function(ps)
   local pbox, pded = hurtbox(ps), false
   ebullets:strip(
    function(eb)
     if (not collides(pbox, hurtbox(eb))) return
     pded = pded or ps:hitbullet(eb)
     return eb:hitship(ps)
    end
   )
   return pded
  end
 )

	-- many bullets and many enemy ships;
	-- use bucket collider for efficiency
 local pbullet_collider = collider.new()
 local p, n = pbullets, pbullets.next
 while n do
  n.prev = p
  pbullet_collider:insert(n)
  p = n
  n = p.next
 end

 eships:strip(
  function(es)
   for pb in all(pbullet_collider:get_collisions(es)) do
    if pb:hitship(es) then
     pbullet_collider:hide(pb)
     pb.prev.next = pb.next
     if pb.next then
      pb.next.prev = pb.prev
     else
      pbullets.tail = pb.prev
     end
    end
    if (es:hitbullet(pb)) return true
   end
  end
 )
 
 intangibles_fg:strip(call_move)

	if leveldone and not eships.next and not ebullets.next and not events.next then
	  state = win
	end
	if (not pships.next) state = lose
end

function _draw()
 fillp(0)
 drawgame()
 if (state == game) fadelvl = -45
 if (state == win) dropshadow("win",50,61,11)
 if (state == lose) dropshadow("fail",48,61,8)
 fadescreen()
end

fadetable = split"0,1.5,1025.5,1029.5,1285.5,1413.5,9605.5,9637.5,-23130.5,-23066.5,-18970.5,-18954.5,-2570.5,-2568.5,-520.5,-8.5,-0.5"

function fadescreen()
 fadelvl += 0.25
 if (fadelvl < 1) return
 local i = min(flr(fadelvl), #fadetable)
 fillp(fadetable[#fadetable+1-i])
 rectfill(0,0,128,128,0)
end

-- puke emits a verbose string
-- describing item, indented to
-- the specified depth (0 by
-- default). used for table
-- debugging. table-type keys
-- are not legible here
function puke(item, indent, seen, hidekey)
 if (type(item) ~= "table") return tostr(item)
 
 seen = seen or {}
 if (seen[item]) return "<<...>>"
 seen[item] = true
 
 indent = indent or 0
 local pfx = "\n"
 for _=1,indent do
  pfx ..= " "
 end
 local xpfx = pfx.." "

 if item.is_linked_list then
  local ret,n = "linked_list <",0
  item:strip(function(x)
   n += 1
   ret ..= xpfx..tostr(n)..": "..puke(x, indent+2, seen, "next")
  end)
  return ret..pfx..">"
 end

 local ret = "{"
 for k, v in pairs(item) do
  if (k ~= hidekey) ret ..= xpfx..tostr(k)..": "..puke(v, indent+2, seen)
 end
 return ret..pfx.."}"
end

-- convenience for debugging
function puketh(item, ...)
 printh(puke(item), ...)
end

function pukeboard(item)
 puketh(item, "@clip")
end

function drawgame()
 clip(0,0,112,128)
 rectfill(0,0,112,128,0)
 for slist in all{intangibles_bg, pbullets, pships, eships, ebullets, intangibles_fg} do
  slist:draw()
 end
 clip(0,0,128,128)
 drawhud()
end

powcols=split"170,154,153,148,68"
shlcols = split"204,220,221"
function drawhud()
 -- 112-and-right is hud zone
 rectfill(112, 0, 127, 127,0x56)
 rect(112,0,127,127,7)
 line(127,1,127,127,5)
 line(113,127)
 
 draw_gun_info("❎",1,116,3,primary_ship.main_gun)
 draw_gun_info("🅾️",1,116,29,primary_ship.special_gun)
 
 inset(114,57,119,118)
 rectfill(119,57,124,58,13)
 inset(120,64,125,125)
 rectfill(114,124,120,125,7)
 print("XP",119,55,1)
 print("HP",114,122,1)
 fillp(0x5a5a)
 vertmeter(115,58,118,117,primary_ship.xp, primary_ship.xptarget, powcols)
 -- 59 px vertically
 local mxs, cs, mxh, ch = primary_ship.maxshield, primary_ship.shield, primary_ship.maxhp, primary_ship.hp
 if (mxs > 0) and (mxh > 0) then
  local split = 59 * (mxs / (mxs + mxh)) \ 1 + 64
  line(121, split, 124, split, 0xba)
  vertmeter(121,65,124,split-1,cs, mxs,shlcols)
  vertmeter(121,split+1,124,124,ch, mxh, hpcols)
 elseif mxs > 0 then
  vertmeter(121,65,124,124,cs,mxs,shlcols)
 elseif mxh > 0 then
  vertmeter(121,65,124,124,ch,mxh,hpcols)
 else
  print("!", 122, 93, 9)
  print("!", 121, 92, 8)
 end
 fillp(0)
end

function draw_gun_info(lbl,fgc,x,y,gun)
 dropshadow(lbl,x,y,fgc)
 inset(114,y+7,125,y+18)
 inset(114,y+20,125,y+24)
 if(gun) then
  spr(gun.icon,116,y+9,1,1)
  --115 to 124 - ammo bar. round up
  if gun.ammo == nil then
   fillp(0xa5a5)
   rectfill(115,y+21,124,y+23,0xea)
   fillp(0)
  elseif gun.ammo > 0 then
   rectfill(
     115,y+21,
     115+flr(9*gun.ammo/gun.maxammo),
     y+23,10)
  else
   line(118, y+22, 121, y+22, 2)
  end
 end
end

function vertmeter(x0,y0,x1,y1,val,maxval,cols)
 if ((val <= 0) or (maxval <= 0)) return
 local h = y1-y0
 local px = val/maxval * h \ 1
 local ncols = #cols
 local firstcol = ((h-px)*ncols\h)+1
 local lastbottom = y0+(h*firstcol\ncols)
 rectfill(x0, y1-px, x1, lastbottom, cols[firstcol])
 for i=firstcol+1,ncols do
  local bottom = y0+h*i\ncols
  rectfill(x0,lastbottom,x1,bottom,cols[i])
  lastbottom = bottom
 end
end

function inset(x0,y0,x1,y1)
 rectfill(x0,y0,x1,y1,0)
 -- use "wide colors" to draw
 -- monochrome regardless of
 -- fillp
 rect(x0,y0,x1,y1,119)
 line(x1,y0,x0,y0,85)
 line(x0,y1-1,85)
end

function dropshadow(str, x, y, col)
 print(str, x+1, y+1, 5)
 print(str, x, y, col)
end

-->8
--ship behavior

scrollrate = 0.25 --in px/frame

ship_m = mknew{

 -- ships have no shield by default
 shield = 0,
 maxshield = 0,
 shieldcooldown =  0x0.003c,--1s
 shieldpenalty = 0x0.012c, --5s
 
 slip = true,  -- most enemies slide
 
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,

 -- xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax:
 --   movement constraints
 --   enforced by `constrain`.
 xmin = 0, xmax = 104,
 -- ymin, ymax default to nil
 --   pship needs more constraint 
}

function ship_m:die()
 self.dead = true
 if (self.hp < 0) boom(self.x+self.size*4, self.y+self.size*4,12*self.size, self.boss)
end

function ship_m:calc_velocity(v0, t)
 v0 = mid(v0 + t, self.maxspd, -self.maxspd)
 return v0 - mid(self.drag, -self.drag, v0)
end

function ship_m:brake_dist(v0)
 local brake_max = self.thrust + self.drag
 local tri_frames = abs(v0\brake_max)
 local chunks = tri_frames * (tri_frames - 1) >> 1
 local chunk_zone = chunks * brake_max
 local overage = abs(v0) - tri_frames * brake_max
 return (chunk_zone + overage * (tri_frames + 1)) * sgn(v0), (overage > 0) and tri_frames + 1 or tri_frames
end

function ship_m:constrain(p, dp, pmin, pmax, want)
 if (not pmin) return want
 local v1, bd, bf, bp
 function calc_targets()
  -- velocity after move
  v1 = self:calc_velocity(dp, want)
  -- brake distance and frames
  bd, bf = self:brake_dist(v1)
  -- brake point
  bp = p + bd + v1
 end
 calc_targets()
 if bp < pmin then
  -- undershoot. max thrust,
  -- then treat as overshoot
  -- targeting minimum bound
  want, pmax = self.thrust, pmin
  calc_targets()
 end
 if (bp <= pmax) return want
 -- spread overshoot across frames
 want -= (bp - pmax)/max(bf,1)
 return max(want, -self.thrust)
end

function ship_m:move()
 self:refresh_shield()
 local dx, dy, shoot_spec, shoot_main = self:act()
 dx = self:constrain(self.x, self.xmomentum, self.xmin, self.xmax, dx)
 dy = self:constrain(self.y, self.ymomentum, self.ymin, self.ymax, dy)
 if (shoot_main) self:maybe_shoot(self.main_gun)
 if (shoot_spec) self:maybe_shoot(self.special_gun)
 if (dx ~= 0 or dy ~= 0) spark(self.sparks, self.x + 4*self.size, self.y + 4*self.size, dx*2.5, dy*2.5, self.sparkodds)
 self.xmomentum = self:calc_velocity(self.xmomentum, dx)
 self.ymomentum = self:calc_velocity(self.ymomentum, dy)

 self.x += self.xmomentum
 self.y += self.ymomentum
 
 -- "scrolling" behavior
 if self.slip then
  self.y += scrollrate
  if self.y >= 128 then
   self:die()
   return true
  end
 end
 return false
end

function ship_m:draw()
 if(self.fx_pal) pal(self.fx_pal)
 spr(self.sprite, self.x, self.y, self.size, self.size)
 pal()
end

function hurtbox(ship)
 local h = ship.hurt
 return {
  x=ship.x + h.x_off,
  y=ship.y + h.y_off,
  width=h.width,
  height=h.height
 }
end

function ship_m:maybe_shoot(gun)
 if (not gun) return
 return gun:shoot(self.x + self.fire_off_x, self.y + self.fire_off_y)
end

function ship_m:hitship(other)
 return self:hitsomething(1)
end

function ship_m:hitbullet(b)
 return self:hitsomething(b.damage)
end

function ship_m:hitsomething(dmg)
 if (dmg <= 0) return false
 self.shield_refresh_ready = lframe + self.shieldpenalty
 if self.shield >= dmg then
  self.shield -= dmg
  self:ow(true)
  return false
 end 
 dmg -= self.shield
 self.shield = 0
 self.hp -= dmg
 if self.hp < 0 then
  self:die()
  return true
 end
 self:ow(false)
 return false
end

function ship_m:ow(shielded)
 if (shielded) then
  blip(self,12,3)
  return
 end
 blip(self, 7, 3)
end

function ship_m:refresh_shield()
 if (self.shield >= self.maxshield) return
 if (lframe < self.shield_refresh_ready) return
 self.shield += 1
 self.shield = min(self.shield, self.maxshield)
 self.shield_refresh_ready = lframe + self.shieldcooldown
end

-->8
-- bullet and gun behaviors

function player_blt_cat()
 return pbullets
end

function enemy_blt_cat()
 return ebullets
end

-- x, y: position
-- dx, dy: movement (linear)
-- f: frames remaining; nil for no limit
-- sprite: what sprite to draw
-- hurt -- hurtbox
-- width, height -- in sprites
-- x_off, y_off -- how to
--   initially position relative
--   to firing point. weird
--   details, check impl
-- damage -- damage to do to
--   a ship that gets hit
-- category -- function that
--   returns which bullet list
--   to spawn onto
-- hitship -- event handler,
--   takes ship as argument.
--   default: die, return true.
--   returns whether to delete
--   the bullet
-- die -- on-removal event,
--   default no-op
bullet_base = mknew{ }

gun_base = mknew{ 
 shoot_ready = -32768,
 icon = 20
}

function bullet_base:hitship(_)
 self:die()
 return true
end

function bullet_base:die()
end

function bullet_base:move()
 self.x += self.dx
 self.y += self.dy
 if (self.f) self.f -= 1
 if (self.y > 128) or (self.y < -8 * self.height) or (self.f and self.f < 0) then
  self:die()
  return true
 end
 return false
end

function bullet_base:draw()
 spr(self.sprite, self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
end

-- An `actually_shoot` factory
-- for trivial guns
function spawn_one(t)
 return function(gun, x, y)
  t.new{}:spawn_at(x, y)
 end
end

function bullet_base:spawn_at(x, y)
 self.x = x - self.x_off
 self.y = y - self.y_off
 self.category():push_back(self)
end

function gun_base:shoot(x, y)
 if (lframe < self.shoot_ready) return false
 if self.ammo then
  if (self.ammo <= 0) return false
  self.ammo -= 1
 end
 self.shoot_ready = lframe + self.cooldown
 self:actually_shoot(x, y)
 return true
end

-->8
-- bullets and guns

zap_e = mknew(bullet_base.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 9, --index of ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 0, -- relative to sprite
  width = 2,
  height = 8
 },
 x_off = 1, -- how to position by ship
 y_off = 8,
 
 damage = 1,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = 4,

 hitship = const_fxn(true),

 category = enemy_blt_cat,
})

zap_p = mknew(zap_e.new{
 sprite = 8,
 dy = -8,
 y_off = 0,
 category = player_blt_cat,
})

zap_gun_e = mknew(gun_base.new{
 cooldown = 0x0.000a, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil, -- unlimited ammo - main gun
 actually_shoot = spawn_one(zap_e),
})

zap_gun_p = mknew(zap_gun_e.new{
 actually_shoot = spawn_one(zap_p),
})

blast = mknew(bullet_base.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 12, --index of player ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 1, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to sprite
  width = 6,
  height = 6
 },
 x_off = 4, -- how to position by ship
 y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 4,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = -2,
 awaitcancel = false,

 -- disable damage for 2 frames
 -- when hitting something
 hitship = function(self, _)
  if self.damage > 0 and not self.awaitcancel then
   self.awaitcancel = true
   once_next_frame(function()
    new_events:push_back{
     wait = 2,
     obj = self,
     saved_dmg = self.damage,
     move = function(self)
      self.wait -= 1
      if self.wait <= 0 then
       self.obj.damage = self.saved_dmg
       return true
      end
     end,
    }
    self.damage = 0
    self.awaitcancel = false
   end)
  end
 end,
 category=player_blt_cat
})

blast_gun = mknew(gun_base.new{
 icon = 13,
 cooldown = 0x0.0020, -- frames between shots
 ammo = 5,
 maxammo = 5,
 actually_shoot = spawn_one(blast),
})

protron_e = mknew(bullet_base.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 24,
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 1, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to sprite
  width = 2,
  height = 2
 },
 x_off = 1, -- how to position by ship
 y_off = 4,
 
 damage = 1,
 dym = 0.5, -- gun sets dy;
             -- this is mult
 category = enemy_blt_cat,
})

protron_p = mknew(protron_e.new{
 sprite=23,
 dym = -1,
 y_off = 0,
 category=player_blt_cat,
})

protron_gun_e = mknew(gun_base.new{
 icon = 25,
 cooldown = 0x0.000f, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil,
 maxammo = nil,
 munition = protron_e
})

function protron_gun_e:actually_shoot(x, y)
 local m = self.munition.dym
 for i=1,3 do
  local b = self.munition.new{
   dx = i*m,
   dy = (4-i)*m,
  }
  b:spawn_at(x,y)
  local b2 = self.munition.new{
   dx = -i*m,
   dy = (4-i)*m,
  }
  b2:spawn_at(x,y)
 end
 local bup = self.munition.new{
  dx=0,
  dy=4*m,
 }
 bup:spawn_at(x,y)
end

protron_gun_p = mknew(protron_gun_e.new{
 munition = protron_p,
})

vulcan_e = mknew(bullet_base.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 21,
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 0, -- relative to sprite
  width = 1,
  height = 4
 },
 x_off = 0.5, -- how to position by ship
 y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 0.5,
 -- dx from gun
 dy = 2,
 category=enemy_blt_cat
})

vulcan_p = mknew(vulcan_e.new{
 sprite=22,
 y_off = 4,
 dy = -4,
 category=player_blt_cat
})

vulcan_gun_e = mknew(gun_base.new{
 icon = 37,
 enemy = false,
 cooldown = 0x0.0002, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil,
 maxammo = nil,
 munition=vulcan_e,
 dxs = {0.35, -0.35, -0.7, 0.7, 0.35, -0.35},
 xoffs = {1, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1},
 dxidx = 1,
 actually_shoot = function(self, x, y)
  local b = self.munition.new{
   dx = self.dxs[self.dxidx],
  }
  b:spawn_at(self.xoffs[self.dxidx]+x,y)
  self.dxidx += 1
  if (self.dxidx > #self.dxs) self.dxidx = 1
 end
})

vulcan_gun_p = mknew(vulcan_gun_e.new{
 munition=vulcan_p,
})

-->8
--ships, including player

firespark = split"9, 8, 2, 5, 1"
smokespark = split"13, 13, 5, 5"

player = mknew(ship_m.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 1, --index of ship sprite
 size = 1, --all ships are square; how many 8x8 sprites?
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 3, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 2, -- relative to ship ulc
  width = 1,
  height = 3
 },
 sparks = firespark, -- see tab 9
 sparkodds = 2,
 boss = true,  -- dramatic special effects
 
 -- health
 hp = 3, -- current health, non-regenerating
 maxhp = 3, -- player only; other ships never heal
 shield = 2, -- regenerates
 maxshield = 2,

 -- xp, increments of 0x0.01
 xp = 0,
 xptarget = 0x0.05,
 level = 1,

 -- gun
 main_gun = nil, -- assign at spawn time
 special_gun = nil,
 fire_off_x = 4,  -- offset where bullets come from
 fire_off_y = 0,

 -- position
 x=52, -- x and y are for upper left corner
 y=96,
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,
 maxspd = 2.5, -- momentum cap
 thrust = 0.25, -- momentum added from button
 ymin = 0, ymax = 120, -- stay on screen
 drag = 0.125, -- momentum lost per frame
 slip = false, -- does not slide down screen
 act = function(self)  -- fetch buttons
  local b,th = btn(),self.thrust
  local blr = b&0x3
  if blr == 1 then
   self.sprite=17
  elseif blr==2 then
   self.sprite=18
  else
   self.sprite=1
  end
  --dx, dy, shoot_spec, shoot_main
  return (((b&0x2)>>1) - (b&0x1)) * th, (((b&0x8)>>3) - ((b&0x4)>>2)) * th, (b&0x10) > 0, (b&0x20) > 0
 end,

 init = function(p)
  p.main_gun = zap_gun_p.new()
  -- ONE HIT MODE
  --
  -- p.hp = 0
  -- p.maxhp = 0
  -- p.shield = 0
  -- p.maxshield = 0
 end,
})

frownie = mknew(ship_m.new{
 --shape
 sprite = 3, --index of ship sprite
 size = 1, --all ships are square; how many 8x8 sprites?
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to ship ulc
  width = 8,
  height = 6
 },
 sparks = smokespark,
 sparkodds = 8,
 
 -- health
 hp = 0.5, -- enemy ships need no max hp

 -- position
 x=60, -- x and y are for upper left corner
 y=8,
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,
 maxspd = 2, -- momentum cap
 thrust = 0.12, -- momentum added from button
 drag = 0.07, -- momentum lost per frame
 slip = true,
 act = function(self)
  local tstate,dx = (1 + flr(4*t() + 0.5)) % 6,0
  if (tstate==1 or tstate==2) dx=-self.thrust
  if (tstate>=4) dx=self.thrust
  return dx,0,false,false
 end,
})

blocky = mknew(frownie.new{
 sprite = 10,
 hp = 1.5,
 hurt = {
  x_off = 0,
  y_off = 0,
  width = 8,
  height = 7
 },
 
 ow = function(self)
  if self.hp < 1 then
   self.sprite = 11
  else
   self.sprite = 10
  end
  ship_m.ow(self)
 end
})

spewy = mknew(frownie.new{
 sprite=26,
 hurt = {
  x_off=0,
  y_off=1,
  width=8,
  height=5
 },
 hp=0.5,
 fire_off_x=4,
 fire_off_y=7,
 act=function(self)
  local dx,dy,shoot_spec=frownie.act(self)
  return dx, dy, shoot_spec, self.y > 10
 end,
 init = function(ship)
  ship.main_gun=ship.main_gun or protron_gun_e.new{}
 end
})

chasey = mknew(ship_m.new{
 sprite = 5,
 size = 1,
 hurt = {
  x_off = 1,
  y_off = 2,
  width = 6,
  height = 5,
 },
 sparks = smokespark,
 sparkodds = 8,
 hp = 1.5,
 shield = 1,
 maxshield = 1,

 fire_off_x = 4,
 fire_off_y = 7,
 
 maxspd = 2,
 thrust = 0.2,
 drag = 0.075,
 slip = true,

 init = function(ship)
  ship.main_gun=ship.main_gun or zap_gun_e.new{}
 end
})

function chasey:act()
 self.xmin = max(primary_ship.x-8, 0)
 self.xmax = min(primary_ship.x + 8, 112 - 8*self.size)
 return 0, 0, false, self.y > 10 and self.x - 16 < primary_ship.x and self.x + 16 > primary_ship.x
end

xl_chasey=mknew(chasey.new{
 size=2,
 maxspd=1.25,
 hurt = {
  x_off = 2,
  y_off = 4,
  width = 12,
  height = 10
 },
 fire_off_x = 8,
 fire_off_y = 15,
 hp = 19.5,
 shield = 5,
 boss = true,
 slip = false,
 act = function(self)
  local dx,dy,shoot_spec,shoot_main = chasey.act(self)
  if (self.y < 4) dy=self.thrust
  return dx,dy,shoot_spec,shoot_main
 end,
 draw = function(self)
  if(self.fx_pal) pal(self.fx_pal)
  sspr(40, 0, 8, 8, self.x, self.y, 16, 16)
  pal()
 end,
 init = function(ship)
  ship.main_gun=ship.main_gun or zap_gun_e.new{}
 end,
})

-->8
-- collisions

-- box: x, y, width, height

function collides(box1, box2)
	return not (
	  box1.x>box2.x+box2.width
	  or box1.y>box2.y+box2.height
	  or box1.x+box1.width<box2.x
	  or box1.y+box1.height<box2.y)
end

collider = mknew{
 init = function(x)
  x.suppress = {}
 end,
}

function collider_indexes(box)
 local ret = {}
 for x = box.x\8, (box.x+box.width)\8 do
  for y = box.y\8, (box.y+box.height)\8 do
   add(ret, x+256*y)
  end
 end
 return ret
end

function collider:insert(item)
 -- todo: separate "big items" list?
 local bdx = collider_indexes(hurtbox(item))
 for i in all(bdx) do
  local x = self[i]
  if not x then
   x = {}
   self[i] = x
  end
  add(x, item)
 end
end

function collider:hide(item)
 self.suppress[item]=true
end

function collider:get_collisions(item)
 local found = { }
 local seen = { }
 local box = hurtbox(item)
 local bucket_ids = collider_indexes(box)
 for b_idx in all(bucket_ids) do
  local bucket = self[b_idx]
  if bucket then
   for candidate in all(bucket) do
    if not (seen[candidate] or self.suppress[candidate]) then
     seen[candidate] = true
     if (collides(box, hurtbox(candidate))) add(found, candidate)
    end
   end
  end
 end
 return found
end
-->8
-- level and event system

-- a level is a map from
-- effective frame number to
-- a list of actions for that
-- frame. an action is a
-- method name and its args.

-- effective frame number stops
-- when freeze count is nonzero

-- a level is won when it hits
-- the end-of-level sentinel 
-- and there are no more
-- tracked enemies.
-- lost when there are no
-- player ships left.

-- effective frame
distance = 0
-- actual frame count since
-- start of level times 0x0.0001
lframe = 0

-- do not advance distance when
-- nonzero
freeze = 0

eol = {}

function load_level(levelfile)
 distance = 0
 lframe = 0
 freeze = 0
 leveldone = false
 current_level = {}
 local found_eol = false
 if (type(levelfile)=="string") levelfile = csv(levelfile)
 for row in all(levelfile) do
  local x = current_level[row[1]]
  if row[2] == "eol" then
   found_eol = true
   assert(x==nil, "events on eol frame")
   current_level[row[1]] = eol
  else
   row.next = x
   current_level[row[1]]=row
  end
 end
 assert(found_eol)
end

function level_frame()
 lframe += 0x0.0001
 if (current_level == nil) return true
 if freeze == 0 then 
  distance += 1
  local cbs = current_level[distance]
  if cbs ~= nil then
   if cbs == eol then
    current_level = nil
    return true
   else
    while cbs do
     assert(cbs[1] == distance)
     local f = _ENV[cbs[2]]
     assert(type(f) == "function", cbs[2].." at "..distance.." is not a function")
     f(unpack(cbs, 3))
     cbs=cbs.next
    end
   end
  end
 end
 return false
end
-->8
-- example level

function spawn_blocking_rnd_x(typ)
 freeze += 1
 s = typ.new{
  x = rnd(104),
  y = -7,
  ice = 1,
  orig_die = typ.die,
  die = function(self)
   freeze -= self.ice
   self.ice = 0
   self:orig_die()
  end,
 }
 eships:push_back(s)
 return s
end

function spawn_frownie()
 return spawn_rnd(frownie)
end

function spawn_blocking_frownie()
 spawn_blocking_rnd_x(frownie)
end

function spawn_blocky()
 spawn_rnd(blocky)
end

function spawn_blocking_blocky()
 spawn_rnd(blocky, 1)
end

function spawn_spewy()
 return spawn_rnd(spewy)
end

function spawn_chasey()
 return spawn_rnd(chasey)
end

function spawn_blocking_spewy()
 freeze += 1
 local s = spawn_spewy()
 s.ice = 1
 s.die = function(self)
  freeze -= self.ice
  self.ice = 0
  frownie.die(self)
 end
end

function spawn_bonus_frownie()
 local f = spawn_frownie()
 f.sprite = 7
 f.die = function(self)
  spawn_repair_at(self.x+4, self.y+4)
  frownie.die(self)
 end
end 

function spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey()
 local c = spawn_chasey()
 c.main_gun=vulcan_gun_e.new{enemy=true}
 c.die = function(self)
  spawn_main_gun_at(self.x-1, self.y-1, vulcan_gun_p)
  chasey.die(self)
 end
 c.sprite=4
 return c
end

function spawn_bonus_shield_chasey()
 local c = spawn_chasey()
 c.die = function(self)
  spawn_shield_upgrade_at(self.x-1, self.y-1)
  chasey.die(self)
 end
 c.sprite=4
 return c
end

helpers = {
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_blocky,
 spawn_blocky,
 spawn_chasey,
 spawn_spewy,
}

function spawn_blocking_boss_chasey()
 local c = spawn_rnd(xl_chasey, 1)
 local nextspawn = lframe + 0x0.0080
 events:push_back{move=function()
  if lframe >= nextspawn then
   helpers[flr(rnd(#helpers))+1]()
   nextspawn += 0x0.0040
  end
  return c.dead
 end}
 
 return c
end

function std_spawn(tnm, n, blocking, goodie,altspr)
 local typ = _ENV[tnm]
 assert(typ and typ.new, tostr(tnm).." not a class")
 for i=1,(n or 1) do
  spawn_rnd(typ, blocking, goodie,altspr)
 end
end

-- blocking: 1 or 0
function spawn_rnd(typ, blocking, goodie,altspr)
 blocking = blocking or 0
 freeze += blocking
 s = typ.new{
  x = rnd(104),
  y = -(typ.size * 8 - 1),
  ice=blocking,
  die=function(self)
   freeze -= self.ice
   self.ice=0
   typ.die(self)
   spawn_goodie(goodie, self.x, self.y, self.size)
  end,
 }
 if (altspr) s.spr = altspr
 eships:push_back(s)
 return s
end

-- TODO: spawn_goodie compatible versions of gun drops
-- TODO: goodie table
function spawn_goodie(goodie_name, x, y, sz)
 if (not goodie_name or #goodie_name == 0) return
 local sh = sz and sz/2 or 0
 _ENV[goodie_name].new{}:spawn_at(x+sh,y+sh)
end

function multi(times, interval, fnm, ...)
 local f,irm,vargs = _ENV[fnm],interval,pack(...)
 assert(type(f) == "function", fnm.." not a function")
 f(...)
 events:push_back{move=function()
  irm-=1
  if irm <= 0 then
   irm=interval
   times-=1
   f(unpack(vargs))
   return times <= 1
  end
 end}
end

-- then convert sample_level to csv.
-- spawn_spec_gun_at and spawn_main_gun_at will need parsed forms.
-- the boss also needs to be reachable, but one-off is fine.
-- each row of level csv is offset,event,event-args...
-- where offset,eol is a special case.

example_level_csv=[[1,spawn_frownie
60,spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey
61,spawn_blocky
85,spawn_spewy
100,spawn_spewy
115,spawn_spewy
130,spawn_bonus_frownie
145,spawn_spewy
200,spawn_bonus_shield_chasey
250,spawn_blocking_blocky
285,spawn_spec_gun_at,35,-11,blast_gun
310,spawn_blocking_blocky
310,spawn_blocking_blocky
310,spawn_blocking_blocky
311,spawn_frownie
350,spawn_main_gun_at,70,-11,protron_gun_p
401,spawn_frownie
420,spawn_blocking_frownie
430,spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey
450,spawn_frownie
465,spawn_bonus_frownie
480,spawn_chasey
500,multi,20,12,spawn_blocking_blocky
501,spawn_bonus_frownie
620,spawn_blocking_blocky
630,spawn_bonus_shield_chasey
720,spawn_blocking_boss_chasey
721,eol]]

-->8
-- readme.md

--[[

main loop sequence
==================
1. level_frame
2. events
3. merge new_events into events
4. update bg intangibles
5. move ships (player first)
6. move bullets (player first)
7. calculate collisions
 1. pship on eship
 2. ebullet on pship
 3. pbullet on eship
8. update fg intangibles
9. check for end of level

draw order
----------
bottom to top:
1. intangibles_bg
2. player bullets
3. player ships
4. enemy ships
5. enemy bullets
6. intangibles_fg

notes
-----
intangibles_fg move()s after
all collisions and other moves
are processed. if an intangible
is added to the list as a result
of a collision or move, it will
itself be move()d before it is
drawn.

data-driven items
=================
guns and bullets both allow the
most common behaviors to be
expressed with data alone.
ships only need a movement
algorithm expressed.

guns
----
* t - metatable for bullet type.
  fired once in the bullet's
  default direction per shot.
* enemy - if true, fired bullets
  are flagged as enemy bullets.
* icon - sprite index of an
  8x8 sprite to display in the
  hud when the player has this
  gun. default is 20, a generic
  crosshair bullseye thing.
* cooldown - min frames between
  shots.
* ammo, maxammo - permitted
  number of shots. 0 is empty
  and unfireable. maxammo = 0
  will cause a divide by zero
  so don't do that. if nil,
  ammo is infinite.

default guns manage ammo and
cooldown in shoot, then call
actually_shoot to create the
projectile. override only
actually_shoot to change
projectile logic while keeping
cooldown and ammo logic.

bullets
-------
* dx, dy - movement per frame.
  player bullets use -dy
  instead.
* enemyspd - multiplier for dx
  and dy on enemy bullets.
  default is 0.5, making enemy
  shots much easier to dodge
* damage - damage per hit;
  used by ships
* sprite - sprite index.
* x_off, y_off - renamed for
  the next two vars. may revert
* center_off_x - the horizontal
  centerpoint of the bullet,
  for positioning when firing.
  assume a pixel's coordinates
  refer to the upper left corner
  of the pixel; the center of
  a 2-width bullet with an
  upper left corner at 0 is 1,
  not 0.5.
* top_off_y, bottom_off_y -
  also for positioning when
  firing. positive distance from
  top or bottom edge to image.
  top_off_y will usually be 0,
  bottom_off_y will not be when
  bullets are smaller than
  the sprite box.
* width, height - measured in
  full sprites (8x8 boxes), not
  pixels. used for drawing.

bullets despawn when above or
below the screen (player or
enemy bullets, respectively).

by default, bullets despawn
when they hit something.
override hitship to change this.

ships
____

ships move by calculating
momentum, then offsetting their
position by that momentum, then
clamping their position to the
screen (horizontally only for
ships that autoscroll). ships
that autoscroll (slip==true)
then slide down by scrollspeed.
fractional coordinates are ok.
after movement, ships lose
momentum (ship.drag along each
axis). abs(momentum) can't
exceed ship.maxspeed.

ships gain momentum by acting
like a player pushing buttons.
the player ship actually reads
buttons for this.

act -- returns new acceleration:
dx, dy, shoot_spec, shoot_main.
dx and dy are change in momentum
in px/frame. this is controls
only -- friction is handled in
ship:move (`drag` value).

ships hitting another ship take
1 damage per frame of overlap.
ships hitting a bullet check
bullet.damage to find out how
much damage they take. damage
is applied to shields, then hp.
damaged ships flash briefly -
blue (12) if all damage was
shielded, white (7) if hp was
damaged. a ship that then has 0
or less hp calls self:die() and
tells the main game loop to
remove it.

shieldcooldown is the interval
between restoring shield points.
shieldpenalty is the delay
before restoring points after
any damage, reset to this value
on every damaging hit (whether
it is absorbed by the shield or
not) -- shield behaves like
halo and other shooters in its
heritage, where it recovers if
you avoid damage for a while.
not that there is any safe cover
in this kind of game.

ships do not repair hp on their
own. negative-damage bullets
are treated as 0, but a bullet
can choose to repair the ship
it hits in its own hitship
method, or otherwise edit it
(changing weapons, refilling
weapon ammo). powerups are
therefore a kind of bullet.

levels
======

a level is a table mapping
effective frame number to
functions. when a level starts,
it sets lframe ("level frame")
and distance to 0.

every frame, level_frame
increments lframe by 0x0.0001.
then if the level is not frozen,
it increments distance by 1.0
and runs the function in the
level table for exactly that
frame number (if any). distance
is therefore "nonfrozen frames",
and is used to trigger level
progress. lframe always
increments. ships are encouraged
to use lframe to control
animation and movement, and may
use distance to react to level
progress separately from overall
time. remember to multiply
lframe-related stuff by 0x0001.

a special sentinel value, eol,
marks the end of the level.
(the level engine doesn't know
when it's out of events, so
without eol, the level will
simply have no events forever.)
when it finds eol, level_frame
throws away the current level
and tells the main loop that it
might be done. the main loop
agrees the level is over and the
player has won when the level
has reached eol and there are
no more enemy ships, enemy
bullets, or background events
remaining. player ships, player
bullets, and intangibles are
not counted.

level freezing
--------------
the level is frozen when the
global value freeze > 0.
generally, something intending
to block level progress (a
miniboss, a minigame, etc.)
increments freeze and prepares
some means of decrementing it
when it no longer wants to block
level progress.

most commonly, we want to block
until some specific ship or
group of ships has died. for
these ships, override ship:die
to decrement freeze. make sure
to set ship.dead in any new
ship:die method so anything else
looking at it can recognize
the ship as dead.

for anything else, you probably
want an event to figure out when
to unfreeze.

levels start at 1
-----------------

distance is initialized to 0
but gets incremented before the
first time the engine looks for
events. therefore, the first
frame of the level executes
level[1]. since levelframe
executes before anything else,
level[1] sets up the first frame
drawn in the level. the player
does not see a blank world
before level[1] runs.
level[1] can therefore be used
to reconfigure the player ship,
set up backgrounds, start music,
kick off some kind of fade-in
animation, etc.


events
======
the global list "events" stores
0-argument functions which are
called every frame. if they
return true, they are removed
from the list and not run again;
if they return false, they stay
and will be called in later
frames. the level does not end
while the events table is
nonempty.

events are most commonly used
to set up something for later
(for example, blip uses an event
to remove the fx_pallete from
the flashing ship when the blip
expires), but can also be used
to implement a "level within a
level" that does something
complicated until it's done. if
you froze the level when
creating the event, remember
to thaw it (freeze -= 1) on all
paths that return true.

to do complex stuff in events,
use a closure or a metatable
that specifies __call.

to avoid editing the events
list while it is being iterated,
events that create new events
must add those events to
new_events rather than events.
new_events is only valid during
the "event execution" stage, so
events created at any other time
must go directly on events
without using new_events.

intangibles
===========

the intangibles_fg and
intangibles_bg lists contain
items with :move and :draw.
like ships and bullets, they
move during _update60 and
draw during _draw. they are
not checked for collisions.

intangibles_bg moves/draws
before anything else moves or
draws. intangibles_fg
moves/draws last. this controls
whether your intangible object
draws in front of or behind
other stuff. you probably want
intangibles_bg for decorative
elements and intangibles_fg
for explosions, score popups,
etc.

there's no scrolling background
engine but intangibles_bg could
be used to create one, including
using the map (otherwise unused
in this engine) for the purpose.

intangibles do not prevent the
level from ending. like bullets
and ships, if :move returns
true, they are dropped.
]]
-->8
-- standard events

blip_fx = mknew{
 cancel=false
}

function blip_fx:move()
 if (self.cancel) return true
 self.frames -= 1
 if self.frames < 0 then
  self.obj.fx_pal = nil
  return true
 end
 return false
end

function blip_fx:abort()
 self.cancel=true
end

blip_pals = {}
function init_blip_pals()
 for i=0,15 do
  local pp = {[0]=0}
  for j=1,15 do
   pp[j] = i
  end
  blip_pals[i]=pp
 end
end

function blip(obj, col, frames)
 obj.fx_pal = blip_pals[col]
 if (obj.___fx_pal_event) obj.___fx_pal_event:abort() 
 events:push_back(blip_fx.new{frames=frames, obj=obj})
end

bossspark = split"7,7,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,8,2,2,5,5"

function boom(x,y,boominess,is_boss)
 local sp = firespark
 if is_boss then
  boominess *= 10
  sp = bossspark
 end
 local boombase = min(0.023 * boominess, 0.25)
 local boombonus = min(0.05 * boominess, 1.25)
 for _=1,boominess do
  local angle = rnd(1)
  spark(sp,x+4,y+4,cos(angle), sin(angle),boombase+rnd(boombonus),1, true)
 end
 return
end

spark_particle=mknew{}

function spark_particle:move()
 if (rnd(4) < 1) self.sidx += 1
 if (self.sidx > #self.sprs) return true
 self.x += self.dx
 self.y += self.dy
 self.dx -= mid(0.05,-0.05, self.dx)
 self.dy -= mid(0.05,-0.05, self.dy)
end
function spark_particle:draw()
 pset(self.x,self.y,self.sprs[self.sidx])
end

function spark(sprs, x, y, dx, dy, odds, fg)
 if (sprs==nil or flr(rnd(odds)) ~= 0) return
 local target = fg and intangibles_fg or intangibles_bg
 target:push_back(spark_particle.new{
  x = x + rnd(4) - 2,
  y = y + rnd(4) - 2,
  sprs = sprs,
  sidx = 1,
  dx = dx + rnd(2) - 1,
  dy = dy + rnd(2) - 1,
 })
end
-->8
-- powerups

powerup = mknew(bullet_base.new{
 -- animated sprite array: "sprites"
 -- to draw under or over anim,
 -- override draw, draw the
 -- under-part, call into
 -- powerup.draw(self), then
 -- draw the over-part
 width = 1,
 height = 1,
 -- note: make hurtboxes larger
 -- than sprite by 2px per side
 -- since ship hitbox is tiny
 -- but powerups should feel
 -- easy to pick up
 dx = 0,
 dy = 1.5, -- 0.75 after enemyspd
 category = enemy_blt_cat, -- collides with player ship
 damage = 0,
 
 anim_speed = 2,
 loop_pause = 30 -- affected by animspeed
})

-- sprite indexes for "sheen" animation
sheen8x8 = split"2,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61"

-- todo: draw two sprites
-- on top of each other here
-- so all powerups can share
-- the "sheen" animation?

function powerup:draw()
 spr(self.sprites[max(1,
       ((lframe<<16)\self.anim_speed)
       %(#self.sprites+self.loop_pause)
       -self.loop_pause
       +1)],
     self.x, self.y,
     self.width, self.height) 
end

repair = mknew(powerup.new{
 hurt = {
  x_off = -2,
  y_off = -2,
  width = 12,
  height = 12
 },
 x_off = 4,
 y_off = 0,
 sprites = sheen8x8,
 icon = 53,
 hitship = function(self, ship)
  if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
  primary_ship.hp = min(primary_ship.maxhp, primary_ship.hp + 1)
  return true
 end,
 draw = function(self)
  spr(self.icon, self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
  powerup.draw(self)
 end  
})

function spawn_repair_at(x, y)
 repair.new():spawn_at(x, y)
end

shield_upgrade = mknew(repair.new{
 icon=52
})

function shield_upgrade:hitship(ship)
 if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
 primary_ship.maxshield += 1
 return true
end

function spawn_shield_upgrade_at(x, y)
 shield_upgrade.new():spawn_at(x,y)
end

gun_swap = mknew(powerup.new{
 hurt = {
  x_off = -2,
  y_off = -2,
  width = 16,
  height = 16
 },
 -- gun = gun_type.new{}
 x_off = 6,
 y_off = 0,
 width = 2,
 height = 2,
 sprites = {64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78},
 hitship = function(self, ship)
  if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
  ship.main_gun = self.gun
  return true
 end,
 draw = function(self)
  powerup.draw(self)
  spr(self.gun.icon, self.x+2, self.y+2, 1, 1)
 end
})

function spawn_main_gun_at(x, y, gunt)
 if (type(gunt)=="string") gunt=_ENV[gunt]
 local gun_p = gun_swap.new{
  gun = gunt.new()
 }
 gun_p:spawn_at(x, y)
end

spec_gun_pl = {
 [1] = 2,
 [14] = 6,
 [2] = 14
}

function spawn_spec_gun_at(x, y, gunt)
 if (type(gunt)=="string") gunt=_ENV[gunt]
 local gun_p = gun_swap.new{
  gun = gunt.new(),
  hitship = function(self, ship)
   if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
   ship.special_gun = self.gun
  return true
  end,
  draw = function(self)
   pal(spec_gun_pl)
   powerup.draw(self)
   pal()
   spr(self.gun.icon, self.x+2, self.y+2, 1, 1)
  end
 }
 gun_p:spawn_at(x, y)
end
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