pico-8 cartridge // http://www.pico-8.com
version 41
__lua__
-- generic shmup
-- by kistaro windrider
-- dev docs in tab 8

game = 1
win = 2
lose = 3

debug = {}

function usplit(str)
 return unpack(split(str))
end
function csv(s)
 local ret=split(s,"\n")
 for i,v in ipairs(ret) do
  ret[i] = type(v) == "string" and split(v) or {v} end
 return ret
end

-- generate standard "overlay"
-- constructor for type tt.
-- if more is defined, generated
-- new calls more(ret) after
-- ret is definitely not nil
-- before calling setmetatable.
-- use to initialize mutables.
function mknew(tt, more)
 local mt = {__index=tt}
 -- check "more" only once ever
 if more then
  tt.new = function(ret)
   if (not ret) ret = {}
   more(ret)
   setmetatable(ret, mt)
   return ret
  end
 else
  tt.new=function(ret)
   if (not ret) ret = {}
   setmetatable(ret, mt)
   return ret
  end
 end
end

linked_list = {}
mknew(linked_list, function(x)
  x.next=nil
  x.tail=x
 end)

function linked_list:push_back(x)
 self.tail.next = x
 self.tail = x
end

function linked_list:push_front(x)
 if (not self.next) self.tail = x
 x.next = self.next
 self.next = x
end

-- vore eats another linked list
-- by appending its contents.
-- the ingested linked
-- list is no longer valid.
function linked_list:vore(x)
 if (not x.next) return
 self.tail.next = x.next
 self.tail = x.tail
end

-- strip calls f(x) for each
-- node, removing each node for
-- which f(x) returns true. it
-- returns the new tail; nil
-- if the list is now empty.
function linked_list:strip(f)
 local p, n = self, self.next
 while n do
  if f(n) then
   p.next = n.next
  else
   p = n
  end
  n = n.next
 end
 self.tail = p
 return p
end

-- optimized special case -
-- could be done with strip but
-- this avoids extra function
-- calls and comparisions since
-- draw isn't allowed to kill
-- the item
function linked_list:draw()
 local n = self.next
 while n do
  n:draw()
  n = n.next
 end
end


function linked_list:pop_front()
 local ret = self.next
 if (not ret) return
 self.next = ret.next
 if (not ret.next) ret.tail = nil
 return ret
end

function _init()
 init_bullet_mt()
 init_powerup_mt()
 init_ship_mt()
	wipe_level()
	primary_ship.main_gun = new_gun_of(zap_gun_t)
	load_level(example_level)
	state = game
	pal(2,129)
	pal()
end

-- health gradients for 1..5 hp
-- exactly, then all "more".
hpcols_lut = csv[[36
34, 136
34, 130, 136
34, 34, 130, 136
34, 34, 130, 130, 136]]

-- call after any change to maxhp
-- configures health gradient
function init_hpcols()
 hpcols = hpcols_lut[min(primary_ship.maxhp,6)]
end

function wipe_level()
 primary_ship = new_p1()
 init_hpcols()
 pships = linked_list.new()
 pships:push_back(primary_ship)
 eships = linked_list.new()
 pbullets = linked_list.new()
 ebullets = linked_list.new()
 intangibles_fg = linked_list.new()
 intangibles_bg = linked_list.new()
 events = linked_list.new()
end

function _update60()
 updategame()
end

function call_f(x)
 return x:f()
end

function call_move(x)
 return x:move()
end

function updategame()
 leveldone = level_frame()
	new_events = linked_list.new()
 events:strip(call_move)
 events:vore(new_events)
 for _, lst in ipairs{intangibles_bg, pships, eships, pbullets, ebullets} do
  lst:strip(call_move)
 end

 pships:strip(
  function(ps)
   local pbox, pded = hurtbox(ps), false
   eships:strip(
    function(es)
     if (not collides(pbox, hurtbox(es))) return
     pded = pded or ps:hitship(es)
     return es:hitship(ps)
    end
   )
   return pded
  end
 )
 pships:strip(
  function(ps)
   local pbox, pded = hurtbox(ps), false
   ebullets:strip(
    function(eb)
     if (not collides(pbox, hurtbox(eb))) return
     pded = pded or ps:hitbullet(eb)
     return eb:hitship(ps)
    end
   )
   return pded
  end
 )

	-- many bullets and many enemy ships;
	-- use bucket collider for efficiency
 local pbullet_collider = new_collider()
 local p, n = pbullets, pbullets.next
 while n do
  n.prev = p
  pbullet_collider:insert(n)
  p = n
  n = p.next
 end

 eships:strip(
  function(es)
   for pb in all(pbullet_collider:get_collisions(es)) do
    if pb:hitship(es) then
     pbullet_collider:hide(pb)
     pb.prev.next = pb.next
     if pb.next then
      pb.next.prev = pb.prev
     else
      pbullets.tail = pb.prev
     end
    end
    if (es:hitbullet(pb)) return true
   end
  end
 )
 
 intangibles_fg:strip(call_move)

	if leveldone and not eships.next and not ebullets.next and not events.next then
	  state = win
	end
	if (not pships.next) state = lose
end

function _draw()
 drawgame()
 draw_debug()
 if (state == game) fadelvl = -45
 if (state == win) dropshadow("win",50,61,11)
 if (state == lose) dropshadow("fail",48,61,8)
 fadescreen()
end

fadetable=csv[[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
1,1,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,0,0,0,0,0
2,2,2,130,130,130,130,130,128,128,128,128,128,0,0
3,3,3,131,131,131,131,129,129,129,129,129,0,0,0
4,4,132,132,132,132,132,132,130,128,128,128,128,0,0
5,5,133,133,133,133,130,130,128,128,128,128,128,0,0
6,6,134,13,13,13,141,5,5,5,133,130,128,128,0
7,6,6,6,134,134,134,134,5,5,5,133,130,128,0
8,8,136,136,136,136,132,132,132,130,128,128,128,128,0
9,9,9,4,4,4,4,132,132,132,128,128,128,128,0
10,10,138,138,138,4,4,4,132,132,133,128,128,128,0
11,139,139,139,139,3,3,3,3,129,129,129,0,0,0
12,12,12,140,140,140,140,131,131,131,1,129,129,129,0
13,13,141,141,5,5,5,133,133,130,129,129,128,128,0
14,14,14,134,134,141,141,2,2,133,130,130,128,128,0
15,143,143,134,134,134,134,5,5,5,133,133,128,128,0]]

function fadescreen()
 fadelvl += 0.25
 if fadelvl < 0 then
  pal()
  return
 end
 local i = flr(fadelvl)
  for c=0,15 do
  if i+1>=16 then
   pal(c,0,1)
  else
   pal(c,fadetable[c+1][i+1],1)
  end
 end
end

function draw_debug()
 cursor(0,0,7)
 -- uncomment the followingh
 -- to display object counts
--[[
 print("es "..tostr(#eships))
 print("eb "..tostr(#ebullets))
 print("pb "..tostr(#pbullets))
 print("ib "..tostr(#intangibles_bg))
 print("if "..tostr(#intangibles_fg))
 print("v  "..tostr(#events))
]]
 if (#debug==0) return
 foreach(debug,print)
 debug={}
end

function drawgame()
 cls()
 clip(0,0,112,128)
 for slist in all{intangibles_bg, pbullets, pships, eships, ebullets, intangibles_fg} do
  slist:draw()
 end
 clip(0,0,128,128)
 drawhud()
end

powcols=split"170,154,153,148,68"
function drawhud()
 -- 112-and-right is hud zone
 rectfill(112, 0, 127, 127,0x56)
 rect(112,0,127,127,7)
 line(127,1,127,127,5)
 line(113,127)
 
 draw_gun_info("❎",1,116,3,primary_ship.main_gun)
 draw_gun_info("🅾️",2,116,31,primary_ship.special_gun)
 
 dropshadow("pwr",114,59,1)
 inset(114,66,125,92)
 fillp(0x5a5a)
 vertmeter(115,67,124,91,primary_ship.power, primary_ship.max_power, powcols)

 
 dropshadow("h s",114,97,1)
 inset(114,104,125,125)
 line(119,105,119,124,119)
 line(120,105,120,125,85)
 vertmeter(115,105,118,124,primary_ship.hp, primary_ship.maxhp, hpcols)
 vertmeter(121,105,124,124,primary_ship.shield, primary_ship.maxshield,{204,220,221})
 fillp(0)
end

function draw_gun_info(lbl,fgc,x,y,gun)
 dropshadow(lbl,x,y,fgc)
 inset(114,y+7,125,y+18)
 inset(114,y+20,125,y+24)
 if(gun) then
  spr(gun.icon,116,y+9,1,1)
  --115 to 124 - ammo bar. round up
  if gun.ammo == nil then
   fillp(0xa5a5)
   rectfill(115,y+21,124,y+23,0xea)
   fillp(0)
  elseif gun.ammo > 0 then
   rectfill(
     115,y+21,
     115+flr(9*gun.ammo/gun.maxammo),
     y+23,10)
  else
   line(118, y+22, 121, y+22, 2)
  end
 end
end

function vertmeter(x0,y0,x1,y1,val,maxval,cols)
 if (val <= 0) return
 local h = y1-y0
 local px = -flr(-(h*val)\maxval)
 local ncols = #cols
 local firstcol = ((h-px)*ncols\h)+1
 local lastbottom = y0+(h*firstcol\ncols)
 rectfill(x0, y1-px, x1, lastbottom, cols[firstcol])
 for i=firstcol+1,ncols do
  local bottom = y0+h*i\ncols
  rectfill(x0,lastbottom,x1,bottom,cols[i])
  lastbottom = bottom
 end
end

function inset(x0,y0,x1,y1)
 rectfill(x0,y0,x1,y1,0)
 -- use "wide colors" to draw
 -- monochrome regardless of
 -- fillp
 rect(x0,y0,x1,y1,119)
 line(x1,y0,x0,y0,85)
 line(x0,y1,85)
end

function dropshadow(str, x, y, col)
 print(str, x+1, y+1, 5)
 print(str, x, y, col)
end

function grab_p1_butts()
 if state ~= game then
  local r = {0,0,0,0,0}
  r[0] = 0
  return r
 end
 local b = btn()
 return {
  [0]=b&0x1,
  [1]=(b&0x2)>>1,
  [2]=(b&0x4)>>2,
  [3]=(b&0x8)>>3,
  [4]=(b&0x10)>>4,
  [5]=(b&0x20)>>5
 }
end

-->8
--ships, including player

-- XXX BOOKMARK XXX

function init_ship_mt()
 setmetatable(player, ship_t)
 setmetatable(frownie, ship_t)
 setmetatable(blocky, frownie_t)
 setmetatable(chasey, ship_t)
end

firespark = split"9, 8, 2, 5, 1"
smokespark = split"13, 13, 5, 5"

player = {
 --shape
 sprite = 1, --index of ship sprite
 size = 1, --all ships are square; how many 8x8 sprites?
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 3, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 2, -- relative to ship ulc
  width = 1,
  height = 3
 },
 sparks = firespark, -- see tab 9
 sparkodds = 2,
 boss = true,  -- dramatic special effects
 
 -- health and power
 hp = 3, -- current health, non-regenerating
 maxhp = 3, -- player only; other ships never heal
 shield = 2, -- regenerates, using power
 maxshield = 2,
 shieldcost = 300, -- power cost to refill shield
 generator = 1.5,  -- 1 feels too slow

 -- gun
 main_gun = nil, -- assign at spawn time
 special_gun = nil,
 fire_off_x = 4,  -- offset where bullets come from
 fire_off_y = 0,

 -- position
 x=52, -- x and y are for upper left corner
 y=96,
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,
 maxspd = 2.5, -- momentum cap
 thrust = 0.25, -- momentum added from button
 drag = 0.125, -- momentum lost per frame
 slip = false, -- does not slide down screen
 grab_butts = function(self)  -- fetch buttons
  local butts = grab_p1_butts()
  if butts[0] == butts[1] then
   self.sprite = 1
  elseif butts[0] > 0 then
   self.sprite = 17
  else
   self.sprite = 18
  end
  return butts
 end
}

player_t = {
 __index = player
}

function new_p1()
 p = {
  main_gun = new_gun_of(zap_gun_t, false)
 }
 setmetatable(p, player_t)
 return p
end

frownie = {
 --shape
 sprite = 3, --index of ship sprite
 size = 1, --all ships are square; how many 8x8 sprites?
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to ship ulc
  width = 8,
  height = 6
 },
 sparks = smokespark,
 sparkodds = 8,
 
 -- health and power
 hp = 1, -- enemy ships need no max hp

 -- position
 x=60, -- x and y are for upper left corner
 y=8,
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,
 maxspd = 2, -- momentum cap
 thrust = 0.12, -- momentum added from button
 drag = 0.07, -- momentum lost per frame
 slip = true,
 grab_butts = function(discard_self)
  -- buttons are effectively analog
  -- and negative buttons work just fine!
  local butts = {}
  local tstate = (1 + flr(4*t() + 0.5)) % 6
  butts[0] = ((tstate==1 or tstate==2) and 1) or 0
  butts[1] = ((tstate==4 or tstate==5) and 1) or 0
  for b=2, 5 do
   butts[b]=0
  end
  return butts
 end, -- button fetch algorithm
}
frownie_t = {
 __index = frownie
}

blocky = {
 sprite = 10,
 hp = 2,
 hurt = {
  x_off = 0,
  y_off = 0,
  width = 8,
  height = 7
 },
 
 ow = function(self)
  if self.hp <= 1 then
   self.sprite = 11
  else
   self.sprite = 10
  end
  ship_t.__index.ow(self)
 end
}

blocky_t = {
 __index = blocky
}

function spawn_spewy_at(x, y)
	local spewy = {
	 x = x,
	 y = y,
	 sprite = 26,
	 power = -20,
	 hurt = {
	  x_off = 0,
   y_off = 1,
   width = 8,
   height = 5
  },
 
	 hp = 1,
	 maxpower = 70,
	 generator = 0.5,
	 main_gun = new_gun_of(protron_gun_t, true),
	 fire_off_x = 4,
	 fire_off_y = 7,
	 grab_butts = function()
	  local butts = frownie.grab_butts()
	  butts[5] = 1
	  return butts
	 end,
	}
	setmetatable(spewy, frownie_t)
 eships:push_back(spewy)
	return spewy
end

chasey = {
 sprite = 5,
 size = 1,
 hurt = {
  x_off = 1,
  y_off = 2,
  width = 6,
  height = 5,
 },
 sparks = smokespark,
 sparkodds = 8,
 hp = 2,
 shield = 1,
 maxshield = 1,
 shieldcost = 180,

 fire_off_x = 4,
 fire_off_y = 7,
 
 maxspd = 2,
 thrust = 0.2,
 drag = 0.075,
 slip = true,

 grab_butts = function(self)
  local butts = {0,0,0,0,0}
  butts[0] = 0
  if (self.x < primary_ship.x) butts[1] = 1
  if (self.x > primary_ship.x) butts[0] = 1
  if (self.x - 16 < primary_ship.x and self.x + 16 > primary_ship.x) butts[5] = 1
  return butts
 end,
}
chasey_t = {
 __index = chasey
}
function spawn_chasey_at(x, y)
 local c = {
  x = x,
  y = y,
  main_gun = new_gun_of(zap_gun_t, true)
 }
 setmetatable(c, chasey_t)
 eships:push_back(c)
 return c
end

function spawn_xl_chasey_at(x, y)
 local c = {
  x = x,
  y = y,
  size = 2,
  maxspd = 1.25,
  hurt = {
   x_off = 2,
   y_off = 4,
   width = 12,
   height = 10
  },
  hp = 20,
  shield = 5,
  boss = true,
  slip = false,
  main_gun = new_gun_of(zap_gun_t, true),
  grab_butts = function(self)
   local butts = chasey.grab_butts(self)
   if (self.y < 4) butts[3] = 1
   return butts
  end,
  draw = function(self)
   if(self.fx_pal) pal(self.fx_pal)
   sspr(40, 0, 8, 8, self.x, self.y, 16, 16)
   pal()
  end,
 }
 setmetatable(c, chasey_t)
 eships:push_back(c)
 return c
end
-->8
--ship behavior

scrollrate = 0.25 --in px/frame

ship_m = {

 -- ships have no shield by default
 shield = 0,
 maxshield = 0,
 shieldcost = 32767.9,
 shieldcooldown =  180,
 
 -- default generator behavior:
 -- 10 seconds for a full charge
 max_power = 600,
 power = 600,
 generator = 1, -- power gen per frame

 invincible_until = -32768,
 
 slip = true,  -- most enemies slide
 
 xmomentum = 0,
 ymomentum = 0,
}

ship_t = {
  __index = ship_m,
}

function ship_m:die()
 self.dead = true
 if (self.hp <= 0) boom(self.x+self.size*4, self.y+self.size*4,12*self.size, self.boss)
end

function ship_m:move()
 self:refresh_shield()
 self.power = min(self.max_power, self.power + self.generator)
 butt = self:grab_butts()
 if (butt[5] > 0) self:maybe_shoot(self.main_gun)
 if (butt[4] > 0) self:maybe_shoot(self.special_gun)
 if (butt[0]-butt[1] ~= 0 or butt[2]-butt[3] ~= 0) spark(self.sparks, self.x + 4*self.size, self.y + 4*self.size, butt, self.thrust, self.sparkodds)
 self.xmomentum += (self.thrust * butt[1]) - (self.thrust * butt[0])
 self.ymomentum += (self.thrust * butt[3]) - (self.thrust * butt[2])
 self.xmomentum = mid(-self.maxspd, self.maxspd, self.xmomentum)
 self.ymomentum = mid(-self.maxspd, self.maxspd, self.ymomentum)
 
 self.x += self.xmomentum
 self.y += self.ymomentum
 
 if self == primary_self then
  self.x = mid(0, 112 - 8 * self.size, self.x)
  self.y = mid(0, 128 - 8 * self.size, self.y)
 end
 
 --friction
 local d = self.drag
 self.xmomentum -= mid(d, -d, self.xmomentum)
 self.ymomentum -= mid(d, -d, self.ymomentum)
 
 -- "scrolling" behavior
 if self.slip then
  self.y += scrollrate
  if self.y >= 128 then
   self:die()
   return true
  end
 end
 return false
end

function ship_m:draw()
 if(self.fx_pal) pal(self.fx_pal)
	spr(self.sprite, self.x, self.y, self.size, self.size)
	pal()
end

function hurtbox(ship)
 local h = ship.hurt
 return {
  x=ship.x + h.x_off,
  y=ship.y + h.y_off,
  width=h.width,
  height=h.height
 }
end

function ship_m:maybe_shoot(gun)
 if (not gun) return
 if (self.power < gun.power) return
 if (not gun:shoot(self.x + self.fire_off_x, self.y + self.fire_off_y)) return
 self.power -= gun.power
end

function ship_m:hitship(other)
 return self:hitsomething(1)
end

function ship_m:hitbullet(b)
 return self:hitsomething(b.damage)
end

function ship_m:hitsomething(dmg)
 if (dmg <= 0) return false
 if (lframe < self.invincible_until) return false
 self.shield_refresh_ready = lframe + self.shieldcooldown
 if self.shield >= dmg then
  self.shield -= dmg
  self:ow(true)
  return false
 end	
 dmg -= self.shield
 self.shield = 0
 self.hp -= dmg
 if self.hp <= 0 then
  self:die()
  return true
 end
 self:ow(false)
 return false
end

function ship_m:ow(shielded)
 if (shielded) then
  blip(self,12,3)
  return
 end
 blip(self, 7, 3)
end

function ship_m:refresh_shield()
 if (self.shield >= self.maxshield) return
 if (lframe < self.shield_refresh_ready) return
 if (self.power < self.shieldcost) return
 self.shield += 1
 self.power -= self.shieldcost
 self.shield_refresh_ready = lframe + self.shieldcooldown
end
-->8
-- collisions

-- box: x, y, width, height

function collides(box1, box2)
	return not (
	  box1.x>box2.x+box2.width
	  or box1.y>box2.y+box2.height
	  or box1.x+box1.width<box2.x
	  or box1.y+box1.height<box2.y)
end

collider = { }
collider_t = {
 __index = collider
}

function new_collider()
 local c = { }
 setmetatable(c, collider_t)
 c.suppress = { }
 return c
end
function collider_indexes(box)
 local ret = {}
 for x = box.x\8, (box.x+box.width)\8 do
  for y = box.y\8, (box.y+box.height)\8 do
   add(ret, x+256*y)
  end
 end
 return ret
end

function collider:insert(item)
 -- todo: separate "big items" list?
 local bdx = collider_indexes(hurtbox(item))
 for i in all(bdx) do
  local x = self[i]
  if not x then
   x = {}
   self[i] = x
  end
  add(x, item)
 end
end

function collider:hide(item)
 self.suppress[item]=true
end

function collider:get_collisions(item)
 local found = { }
 local seen = { }
 local box = hurtbox(item)
 local bucket_ids = collider_indexes(box)
 for b_idx in all(bucket_ids) do
  local bucket = self[b_idx]
  if bucket then
   for candidate in all(bucket) do
    if not (seen[candidate] or self.suppress[candidate]) then
     seen[candidate] = true
     if (collides(box, hurtbox(candidate))) add(found, candidate)
    end
   end
  end
 end
 return found
end
-->8
-- level and event system

-- a level is a map from
-- effective frame number to
-- callback for that frame.

-- effective frame number stops
-- when freeze count is nonzero

-- a level is won when it hits
-- the end-of-level sentinel 
-- and there are no more
-- tracked enemies.
-- lost when there are no
-- player ships left.

-- effective frame
distance = 0
-- actual frame count since
-- start of level
lframe = 0

-- do not advance distance when
-- nonzero
freeze = 0

eol = {}

function load_level(lvltbl)
 distance = 0
 lframe = 0
 freeze = 0
 current_level = {}
 -- copy the level so we can
 -- modify it dynamically
 -- without losing the original
 for frame, cb in pairs(lvltbl) do
  current_level[frame] = cb
 end
 leveldone = false
end

function level_frame()
 lframe += 1
 if (current_level == nil) return true
 if freeze == 0 then 
  distance += 1
  local cb = current_level[distance]
  if cb ~= nil then
   if cb == eol then
    current_level = nil
    return true
   else
    cb()
   end
  end
 end
 return false
end
-->8
-- example level

function spawn_rnd_x(mt)
 s = {
  x = rnd(104),
  y = -(mt.__index.size * 8 - 1)
 }
 setmetatable(s, mt)
 eships:push_back(s)
 return s
end

function spawn_blocking_rnd_x(mt)
 freeze += 1
 s = {
  x = rnd(104),
  y = -7,
  ice = 1,
  die = function(self)
   freeze -= self.ice
   self.ice = 0
   mt.__index.die(self)
  end
 }
 setmetatable(s, mt)
 eships:push_back(s)
 return s
end

function spawn_frownie()
 return spawn_rnd_x(frownie_t)
end

function spawn_blocking_frownie()
 spawn_blocking_rnd_x(frownie_t)
end

function spawn_blocky()
 spawn_rnd_x(blocky_t)
end

function spawn_blocking_blocky()
 spawn_blocking_rnd_x(blocky_t)
end

function spawn_spewy()
 return spawn_spewy_at(rnd(104), -7)
end

function spawn_chasey()
 return spawn_chasey_at(rnd(104), -7)
end

function spawn_blocking_spewy()
 freeze += 1
 local s = spawn_spewy()
 s.ice = 1
 s.die = function(self)
  freeze -= self.ice
  self.ice = 0
  frownie_t.__index.die(self)
 end
end

function spawn_bonus_frownie()
 local f = spawn_frownie()
 f.sprite = 7
 f.die = function(self)
  spawn_repair_at(self.x+4, self.y+4)
  frownie_t.__index.die(self)
 end
end 

function spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey()
 local c = spawn_chasey()
 c.main_gun=new_gun_of(vulcan_gun_t, true)
 c.die = function(self)
  spawn_main_gun_at(self.x-1, self.y-1, vulcan_gun_t)
  chasey.die(self)
 end
 c.sprite=4
 return c
end 

helpers = {
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_frownie,
 spawn_blocky,
 spawn_blocky,
 spawn_chasey,
 spawn_spewy,
}

function spawn_blocking_boss_chasey()
 freeze += 1
 local c = spawn_xl_chasey_at(44, -15)
 c.ice = 1
 c.die = function(self)
  freeze -= self.ice
  self.ice = 0
  chasey_t.__index.die(self)
 end

 local nextspawn = lframe + 120
 events:push_back{move=function()
  if lframe >= nextspawn then
   helpers[flr(rnd(#helpers))+1]()
   nextspawn += 60
  end
  return c.dead
 end}
 
 return c
end

example_level = {
 [1]=spawn_frownie,
 [60]=spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey,
 [61]=spawn_blocky,
 [85]=spawn_spewy,
 [100]=spawn_spewy,
 [115]=spawn_spewy,
 [130]=spawn_bonus_frownie,
 [145]=spawn_spewy,
 [200]=spawn_chasey,
 [250]=spawn_blocking_blocky,
 [285]=function()
  spawn_spec_gun_at(35, -11, blast_gun_t)
 end,
 [310]=function()
  spawn_blocking_blocky()
  spawn_blocking_blocky()
  spawn_blocking_blocky()
 end,
 [311]=spawn_frownie,
 [350]=function()
  spawn_main_gun_at(70, -11, protron_gun_t)
 end,
 [401]=spawn_frownie,
 [420]=spawn_blocking_frownie,
 [430]=spawn_bonus_vulcan_chasey,
 [450]=spawn_frownie,
 [465]=spawn_bonus_frownie,
 [480]=spawn_chasey,
 [500]=function()
  local tnext = lframe
  local remain = 20
  events:push_back{move=function()
   if (lframe < tnext) return false
   spawn_blocking_blocky()
   tnext = lframe + 12
   remain -= 1
   return (remain <= 0) 
  end}
 end,
 [501]=spawn_bonus_frownie,
 [620]=spawn_blocking_blocky,
 [700]=spawn_blocking_boss_chasey,
 [701]=eol
}
-->8
-- bullets and guns

function init_bullet_mt()
 setmetatable(zap, bullet_t)
 setmetatable(zap_gun, gun_t)
 setmetatable(blast, bullet_t)
 setmetatable(blast_gun, gun_t)
 setmetatable(protron, bullet_t)
 setmetatable(protron_gun, gun_t)
 setmetatable(vulcan, bullet_t)
 setmetatable(vulcan_gun, gun_t)
end

function new_gun_of(mt, is_enemy)
 local g = {
  enemy = is_enemy
 }
 setmetatable(g, mt)
 return g
end

zap = {
 --shape
 psprite = 8, --index of player ammo sprite
 esprite = 9, -- index of enemy ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 0, -- relative to sprite
  width = 2,
  height = 8
 },
 center_x_off = 1, -- how to position by ship
 bottom_y_off = 0,
 top_y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 1,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = 8,

 hitship = function(_, _)
  return true
 end
}
zap_t = {
 __index = zap
}

zap_gun = {
 enemy = false,
 power = 20, -- power consumed per shot
 cooldown = 10, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil, -- unlimited ammo - main gun
 t = zap_t -- metatable of bullet to fire
}

zap_gun_t = {
 __index = zap_gun
}

blast = {
 --shape
 psprite = 12, --index of player ammo sprite
 esprite = 3, -- index of enemy ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 1, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to sprite
  width = 6,
  height = 6
 },
 center_x_off = 4, -- how to position by ship
 bottom_y_off = 0,
 top_y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 4,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = 2,
 awaitcancel = false,

 -- disable damage for 2 frames
 -- when hitting something
 hitship = function(self, _)
  if self.damage > 0 and not self.awaitcancel then
   self.awaitcancel = true
   events:push_back{move = function()
    new_events:push_back{
     wait = 2,
     obj = self,
     saved_dmg = self.damage,
     move = function(self)
      self.wait -= 1
      if self.wait <= 0 then
       self.obj.damage = self.saved_dmg
       return true
      end
     end,
    }
    self.damage = 0
    self.awaitcancel = false
    return true
   end}
  end
 end
}
blast_t = {
 __index = blast
}

blast_gun = {
 icon = 13,
 enemy = false,
 power = 0, -- ammo, not power
 cooldown = 30, -- frames between shots
 ammo = 5,
 maxammo = 5,
 t = blast_t -- metatable of bullet to fire
}

blast_gun_t = {
 __index = blast_gun
}

protron = {
 --shape
 psprite = 23, --index of player ammo sprite
 esprite = 24, -- index of enemy ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 1, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 1, -- relative to sprite
  width = 2,
  height = 2
 },
 center_x_off = 1, -- how to position by ship
 bottom_y_off = 4,
 top_y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 1,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = 3,
}
protron_t = {
 __index = protron
}

protron_gun = {
 icon = 25,
 enemy = false,
 power = 35,
 cooldown = 15, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil,
 maxammo = nil,
 actually_shoot = function(self, x, y)
  local sprite = protron.psprite
  if (self.enemy) sprite=protron.esprite
  for i=1,3 do
   local b = {
    enemy=self.enemy,
    sprite=sprite,
    dx = i,
    dy = 4-i
   }
   setmetatable(b, protron_t)
   b:spawn_at(x,y)
   local b2 = {
    enemy=self.enemy,
    sprite=sprite,
    dx = -i,
    dy = 4-i
   }
   setmetatable(b2, protron_t)
   b2:spawn_at(x,y)
  end
  local bup = {
   enemy=self.enemy,
   sprite=sprite,
   dy=4
  }
  setmetatable(bup, protron_t)
  bup:spawn_at(x,y)
 end
}

protron_gun_t = {
 __index = protron_gun
}

vulcan = {
 --shape
 psprite = 22, --index of player ammo sprite
 esprite = 21, -- index of enemy ammo sprite
 width = 1, --in 8x8 blocks
 height = 1,
 hurt = { -- hurtbox - where this ship can be hit
  x_off = 0, -- upper left corner
  y_off = 0, -- relative to sprite
  width = 1,
  height = 4
 },
 center_x_off = 0.5, -- how to position by ship
 bottom_y_off = 4,
 top_y_off = 0,
 
 damage = 0.5,
 dx = 0,  -- px/frame
 dy = 4,
}
vulcan_t = {
 __index = vulcan
}
vulcan_gun = {
 icon = 37,
 enemy = false,
 power = 8,
 cooldown = 2, -- frames between shots
 ammo = nil,
 maxammo = nil,
 dxs = {0.35, -0.35, -0.7, 0.7, 0.35, -0.35},
 xoffs = {1, 0, -1, 1, 0, -1},
 dxidx = 1,
 actually_shoot = function(self, x, y)
  local sprite = self.enemy and vulcan.esprite or vulcan.psprite
  local b = {
   enemy=self.enemy,
   sprite=sprite,
   dx = self.dxs[self.dxidx],
  }
  setmetatable(b, vulcan_t)
  b:spawn_at(self.xoffs[self.dxidx]+x,y)
  self.dxidx += 1
  if (self.dxidx > #self.dxs) self.dxidx = 1
 end
}
vulcan_gun_t = {
  __index = vulcan_gun
}

-->8
-- bullet and gun behaviors

bullet_base = {
	enemyspd = 0.5
}

bullet_t = {
 __index = bullet_base
}

gun_base = { 
 shoot_ready = -32768,
 
 icon = 20
}

gun_t = {
 __index = gun_base
}

function bullet_base:hitship(_)
 self:die()
 return true
end

function bullet_base:die()
end

function bullet_base:move()
 self.x += self.dx
 if self.enemy then
  self.y += self.dy
  if self.y > 128 then
   self:die()
   return true
  end
 else
  self.y -= self.dy
  if self.y < -8*self.height then
   self:die()
   return true
  end
 end
 return false
end

function bullet_base:draw()
 spr(self.sprite, self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
end

function bullet_base:spawn_at(x, y)
 self.x = x - self.center_x_off
 if self.enemy then
  self.dx *= self.enemyspd
  self.dy *= self.enemyspd
  self.y = y + self.top_y_off
  ebullets:push_back(self)
 else
  self.y = y - (8 * self.height) + self.bottom_y_off
  pbullets:push_back(self)
 end
end

function gun_base:shoot(x, y)
 if (lframe < self.shoot_ready) return false
 if self.ammo then
  if (self.ammo <= 0) return false
  self.ammo -= 1
 end
 self.shoot_ready = lframe + self.cooldown
 self:actually_shoot(x, y)
 return true
end

function gun_base:actually_shoot(x, y)
 b = { }
 setmetatable(b, self.t)
 if self.enemy then
  b.enemy = true
  b.sprite = b.esprite
 else
  b.enemy = false
  b.sprite = b.psprite
 end
 b:spawn_at(x, y)
 return true
end
-->8
-- readme.md

--[[

main loop sequence
==================
1. level_frame
2. events
3. merge new_events into events
4. update bg intangibles
5. move ships (player first)
6. move bullets (player first)
7. calculate collisions
 1. pship on eship
 2. ebullet on pship
 3. pbullet on eship
8. update fg intangibles
9. check for end of level

draw order
----------
bottom to top:
1. intangibles_bg
2. player bullets
3. player ships
4. enemy ships
5. enemy bullets
6. intangibles_fg

notes
-----
intangibles_fg move()s after
all collisions and other moves
are processed. if an intangible
is added to the list as a result
of a collision or move, it will
itself be move()d before it is
drawn.

don't modify a list while it's
being iterated. ships that want
to create ships and bullets
that want to create bullets
need to create an event to
do this (which will run before
the ship and bullet phases of
the next frame). events that
want to create events add to
new_events, rather than events.

data-driven items
=================
guns and bullets both allow the most
common behaviors to be
expressed with data alone.
ships only need a movement
algorithm expressed.

guns
----
* power - cost in generator
  power to fire. may be 0.
  field directly read by ships;
  required in all guns.
* t - metatable for bullet type.
  fired once in the bullet's
  default direction per shot.
* enemy - if true, fired bullets
  are flagged as enemy bullets.
* icon - sprite index of an
  8x8 sprite to display in the
  hud when the player has this
  gun. default is 20, a generic
  crosshair bullseye thing.
* cooldown - min frames between
  shots.
* ammo, maxammo - permitted
  number of shots. 0 is empty
  and unfireable. maxammo = 0
  will cause a divide by zero
  so don't do that. if nil,
  ammo is infinite.

default guns manage ammo and
cooldown in shoot, then call
actually_shoot to create the
projectile. override only
actually_shoot to change
projectile logic while keeping
cooldown and ammo logic.

ships manage generator power
before asking the gun to shoot.
this behavior is in
ship_m:maybe_shoot.

bullets
-------
* dx, dy - movement per frame.
  player bullets use -dy
  instead.
* enemyspd - multiplier for dx
  and dy on enemy bullets.
  default is 0.5, making enemy
  shots much easier to dodge
* damage - damage per hit;
  used by ships
* psprite, esprite - index of
  player or enemy sprite.
* center_off_x - the horizontal
  centerpoint of the bullet,
  for positioning when firing.
  assume a pixel's coordinates
  refer to the upper left corner
  of the pixel; the center of
  a 2-width bullet with an
  upper left corner at 0 is 1,
  not 0.5.
* top_off_y, bottom_off_y -
  also for positioning when
  firing. positive distance from
  top or bottom edge to image.
  top_off_y will usually be 0,
  bottom_off_y will not be when
  bullets are smaller than
  the sprite box.
* width, height - measured in
  full sprites (8x8 boxes), not
  pixels. used for drawing.

bullets despawn when above or
below the screen (player or
enemy bullets, respectively).

by default, bullets despawn
when they hit something.
override hitship to change this.

ships
____

ships move by calculating
momentum, then offsetting their
position by that momentum, then
clamping their position to the
screen (horizontally only for
ships that autoscroll). ships
that autoscroll (slip==true)
then slide down by scrollspeed.
fractional coordinates are ok.
after movement, ships lose
momentum (ship.drag along each
axis). abs(momentum) can't
exceed ship.maxspeed.

ships gain momentum by acting
like a player pushing buttons.
the player ship actually reads
buttons for this.

grab_butts - ship thrust control
based on btn() api. returns a
table indexed from 0..5 with
0 to not push this button and 1
to push it. ships can use
fractional or out-of-range
numbers to get varying amounts
of thrust, including using
negative numbers for thrust in
the opposite direction. 4 and 5
just check for nonzeroness to
attempt to fire.

ships hitting another ship take
1 damage per frame of overlap.
ships hitting a bullet check
bullet.damage to find out how
much damage they take. damage
is applied to shields, then hp.
damaged ships flash briefly -
blue (12) if all damage was
shielded, white (7) if hp was
damaged. a ship that then has 0
or less hp calls self:die() and
tells the main game loop to
remove it.

ships have power, from 0 to
ship.maxpower, increasing by
ship.generator per frame.
in maybe_shoot, ships check that
they have power to fire before
trying to fire (the gun itself
checks ammo and cooldown), and
spend that power if they fire.

power is also used to restore
shields - ship.shieldcost per
point of shields. shieldcooldown
is the interval between
restoring shield points, which
is reset when a ship takes
damage (regardless of whether
that damage is stopped by the
shield or not).

therefore:
* damaged ships spend power
  repairing shields, which may
  affect ability to fire guns.
  this looks like a slow firing
  rate because the ship will
  eventually recover enough
  energy to fire.
* a ship firing nonstop will
  typically be unable to recover
  any shields because it will
  not have energy to do so.

ships do not repair hp on their
own. negative-damage bullets
are treated as 0, but a bullet
can choose to repair the ship
it hits in its own hitship
method, or otherwise edit it
(changing weapons, refilling
weapon ammo). powerups are
therefore a kind of bullet.

levels
======

a level is a table mapping
effective frame number to
functions. when a level starts,
it sets lframe ("level frame")
and distance to 0.

every frame, level_frame
increments lframe. then if the
level is not frozen (more on
that later), it increments
distance and runs the function
in the level table for exactly
that frame number (if any).
distance is therefore "nonfrozen
frames", and is used to trigger
level progress. lframe always
increments. ships are encouraged
to use lframe to control
animation and movement, and may
use distance to react to level
progress separately from overall
time.

a special sentinel value, eol,
marks the end of the level.
(the level engine doesn't know
when it's out of events, so
without eol, the level will
simply have no events forever.)
when it finds eol, level_frame
throws away the current level
and tells the main loop that it
might be done. the main loop
agrees the level is over and the
player has won when the level
has reached eol and there are
no more enemy ships, enemy
bullets, or background events
remaining. player ships, player
bullets, and intangibles are
not counted.

level freezing
--------------
the level is frozen when the
global value freeze > 0.
generally, something intending
to block level progress (a
miniboss, a minigame, etc.)
increments freeze and prepares
some means of decrementing it
when it no longer wants to block
level progress.

most commonly, we want to block
until some specific ship or
group of ships has died. for
these ships, override ship:die
to decrement freeze. make sure
to set ship.dead in any new
ship:die method so anything else
looking at it can recognize
the ship as dead.

for anything else, you probably
want an event to figure out when
to unfreeze.

levels start at 1
-----------------

distance is initialized to 0
but gets incremented before the
first time the engine looks for
events. therefore, the first
frame of the level executes
level[1]. since levelframe
executes before anything else,
level[1] sets up the first frame
drawn in the level. the player
does not see a blank world
before level[1] runs.
level[1] can therefore be used
to reconfigure the player ship,
set up backgrounds, start music,
kick off some kind of fade-in
animation, etc.


events
======
the global list "events" stores
0-argument functions which are
called every frame. if they
return true, they are removed
from the list and not run again;
if they return false, they stay
and will be called in later
frames. the level does not end
while the events table is
nonempty.

events are most commonly used
to set up something for later
(for example, blip uses an event
to remove the fx_pallete from
the flashing ship when the blip
expires), but can also be used
to implement a "level within a
level" that does something
complicated until it's done. if
you froze the level when
creating the event, remember
to thaw it (freeze -= 1) on all
paths that return true.

to do complex stuff in events,
use a closure or a metatable
that specifies __call.

to avoid editing the events
list while it is being iterated,
events that create new events
must add those events to
new_events rather than events.
new_events is only valid during
the "event execution" stage, so
events created at any other time
must go directly on events
without using new_events.

intangibles
===========

the intangibles_fg and
intangibles_bg lists contain
items with :move and :draw.
like ships and bullets, they
move during _update60 and
draw during _draw. they are
not checked for collisions.

intangibles_bg moves/draws
before anything else moves or
draws. intangibles_fg
moves/draws last. this controls
whether your intangible object
draws in front of or behind
other stuff. you probably want
intangibles_bg for decorative
elements and intangibles_fg
for explosions, score popups,
etc.

there's no scrolling background
engine but intangibles_bg could
be used to create one, including
using the map (otherwise unused
in this engine) for the purpose.

intangibles do not prevent the
level from ending. like bullets
and ships, if :move returns
true, they are dropped.

weird coding conventions
========================

 * i am inconsistent between
   including underscores or not
   (sorry)
 * a triple underscore prefix
   is used for fields created
   by invasive algorithms
   (those algorithms that
   modify the items they're
   given to perform some kind
   of bookkeeping)

]]
-->8
-- standard events

blip_fx = {
 cancel=false
}

function blip_fx:move()
 if (self.cancel) return true
 self.frames -= 1
 if self.frames < 0 then
  self.obj.fx_pal = nil
  return true
 end
 return false
end

function blip_fx:abort()
 self.cancel=true
end

mknew(blip_fx)

function blip(obj, col, frames)
 local p = {[0]=0}
 obj.fx_pal = p
 for i=1,15 do p[i]=col end
 if (obj.___fx_pal_event) obj.___fx_pal_event:abort() 
 events:push_back(blip_fx.new{frames=frames, obj=obj})
end

bossspark = split"7,7,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,8,2,2,5,5"

function boom(x,y,boominess,is_boss)
 local sp = firespark
 if is_boss then
  boominess *= 10
  sp = bossspark
 end
 local boombase = min(0.023 * boominess, 0.25)
 local boombonus = min(0.05 * boominess, 1.25)
 for _=1,boominess do
  local angle = rnd(1)
  local butts = {0, sin(angle), 0}
  butts[0] = cos(angle)
  spark(sp,x+4,y+4,butts,boombase+rnd(boombonus),1, true)
 end
 return
end

function spark(sprs, x, y, butts, thrust, odds, fg)
 if (sprs==nil or flr(rnd(odds)) ~= 0) return
 thrust *= 2.5
 local target = fg and intangibles_fg or intangibles_bg
 target:push_back{
  x = x + rnd(4) - 2,
  y = y + rnd(4) - 2,
  sprs = sprs,
  sidx = 1,
  dx = (butts[0] - butts[1]) * thrust + rnd(2) - 1,
  dy = (butts[2] - butts[3]) * thrust + rnd(2) - 1,
  draw = function(self)
   pset(self.x, self.y, self.sprs[self.sidx])
  end,
  move = function(self)
   if (rnd(4) < 1) self.sidx += 1
   if (self.sidx > #self.sprs) return true
   self.x += self.dx
   self.y += self.dy
   self.dx -= mid(0.05,-0.05, self.dx)
   self.dy -= mid(0.05,-0.05, self.dy)
  end
 }
end
-->8
-- powerups
function init_powerup_mt()
 setmetatable(powerup, bullet_t)
 setmetatable(gun_swap, powerup_t)
end

powerup = {
 -- animated sprite array: "sprites"
 -- to draw under or over anim,
 -- override draw, draw the
 -- under-part, call into
 -- powerup.draw(self), then
 -- draw the over-part
 width = 1,
 height = 1,
 -- note: make hurtboxes larger
 -- than sprite by 2px per side
 -- since ship hitbox is tiny
 -- but powerups should feel
 -- easy to pick up
 dx = 0,
 dy = 1.5, -- 0.75 after enemyspd
 enemy = true, -- collides with player ship
 damage = 0,
 
 anim_speed = 2,
 loop_pause = 30 -- affected by animspeed
}

-- sprite indexes for "sheen" animation
sheen8x8 = split"2,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61"

powerup_t = {
 __index = powerup
}

-- todo: draw two sprites
-- on top of each other here
-- so all powerups can share
-- the "sheen" animation?

function powerup:draw()
 spr(self.sprites[max(1,
       (lframe\self.anim_speed)
       %(#self.sprites+self.loop_pause)
       -self.loop_pause
       +1)],
     self.x, self.y,
     self.width, self.height) 
end

function spawn_repair_at(x, y)
 local repair = {
  hurt = {
   x_off = -2,
   y_off = -2,
   width = 12,
   height = 12
  },
  center_x_off = 4,
  top_y_off = 0,
  bottom_y_off = 0,
  sprites = sheen8x8,
  hitship = function(self, ship)
   if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
   primary_ship.hp = min(primary_ship.maxhp, primary_ship.hp + 1)
   return true
  end,
  draw = function(self)
   spr(53, self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
   powerup.draw(self)
  end  
 }
 setmetatable(repair, powerup_t)
 repair:spawn_at(x, y)
end

gun_swap = {
 hurt = {
  x_off = -2,
  y_off = -2,
  width = 16,
  height = 16
 },
 -- gun = new_gun_of(t, false)
 center_x_off = 6,
 top_y_off = 0,
 bottom_y_off = 4,
 width = 2,
 height = 2,
 sprites = {64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78},
 hitship = function(self, ship)
  if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
  ship.main_gun = self.gun
  return true
 end,
 draw = function(self)
  powerup.draw(self)
  spr(self.gun.icon, self.x+2, self.y+2, 1, 1)
 end
}
gun_swap_t = {
 __index=gun_swap
}

function spawn_main_gun_at(x, y, mt)
 local gun_p = {
  gun = new_gun_of(mt, false)
 }
 setmetatable(gun_p, gun_swap_t)
 gun_p:spawn_at(x, y)
end

spec_gun_pl = {
 [1] = 2,
 [14] = 6,
 [2] = 14
}

function spawn_spec_gun_at(x, y, mt)
 local gun_p = {
  gun = new_gun_of(mt, false),
  hitship = function(self, ship)
   if (ship ~= primary_ship) return false
   ship.special_gun = self.gun
  return true
  end,
  draw = function(self)
   pal(spec_gun_pl)
   powerup.draw(self)
   pal()
   spr(self.gun.icon, self.x+2, self.y+2, 1, 1)
  end
 }
 setmetatable(gun_p, gun_swap_t)
 gun_p:spawn_at(x, y)
end
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